Risk is unavoidable. It can be found everywhere at home, at work, and at play. Risk can make activities challenging, interesting, and fun; or it can make things unpredictable, unsafe, hazardous, and even dangerous. Risk is the probability that a loss will occur. Some hazards are created by an entity's unique operations, policies, and practices. Other hazards are inherent to most public entities. A hazard is something that causes the entity to incur risk. A key to minimizing risks is to manage the hazards. By participating in the North Dakota Insurance Reserve Fund, your entity has taken one step in this management process. However, obtaining liability coverage should not be your only step in managing your hazards. A comprehensive risk management program is a must. Unlike some articles of clothing, when it comes to risk management programs, one size does not fit all. Because each entity is unique in its operations, its efforts in risk management must also be unique.

This guide is just that a guide. It focuses primarily on information about hazards commonly found in public entities. It is intended to assist you in the managing of your hazards while you either develop or enhance a comprehensive risk management program.

This guide replaces your old, Risk Management/Loss Control Reference/Resource Manual. However, you may want to keep the old manual as it contains material that is still relevant and useful. We have used your suggestions and comments about the old manual in preparing this new guide book. It will be updated and expanded on a periodic basis.

We believe this publication is a practical tool for use by you and your entity. We welcome your suggestions, additions, or changes to the guide.

Sidewalks, Steps, Landings, and Thresholds
Sidewalks, steps, landings, and thresholds are a common source of losses. The majority of injuries at these areas occur from slip (or trip) and fall-type accidents. They can occur from cracks, holes, spalling, ice, snow, gravel, etc. Sidewalks and landings should be kept free of ice, snow, and general debris. Remember, all exit door thresholds and landings need to be shoveled in the winter.

Identify breaks, holes, and elevated water or gas valves by using highly visible paint or tape until they can be repaired or replaced. This method can also be used to identify undulations or dips in the walk for drainage purposes. When all the steps in a stairway and landings are the same color, paint or tape the leading edge of the step(s) or landing(s). All walkways, especially steps, landings, and thresholds, need to be well illuminated.

Frequently, rain gutters are positioned so that they discharge runoff water directly onto the sidewalk creating a slip and fall hazard. These gutters should be modified so that they discharge onto the grass or under the sidewalk.

Most public entities have local ordinances in place which dictate that private landowners must maintain the sidewalks on their property. However, public entities also have a duty to notify property owners of deficient sidewalks. If the property owner fails to repair the walk, the entity has a duty to repair or replace it. Entities need to check their own local ordinances regarding sidewalks. Inspect sidewalks on a routine basis to determine their condition. Keep documentation of these inspections on file. Establish a log to record all complaints and accidents regarding sidewalks. The log should also include the locations and condition of utility valve shutoffs. Notify the public on at least an annual basis of the local ordinance. This can be accomplished through the local media or by placing ordinance reminders in envelopes with utility billings.

Railings
All walkways that have over 3 steps (2 risers) in a row should display appropriate handrails. The minimum height to the top of the rail is 30 inches, and the maximum is 38 inches. The hand part of the railing must be generally round in shape, and between 1½ and 2 inches in diameter. If steps are more than 88 inches wide, a handrail must be present every 88 inches, maximum.

Elevated walkways and landings, as well as window wells, need to have guardrails in place. Guardrails help to prevent the public from falling to areas below. Avoid guardrails with horizontal supports. Children frequently use horizontal supports as ladders to get a better view of what is below or to sit on the top of the railing. Vertical balusters or ornamental patterns in railings should be arranged so a sphere 4 inches in diameter will not pass through the balusters or patterns. This eliminates head entrapment-type exposures. The minimum height to the top part of the guardrail should be no less than 42 inches.

Grates and Mats
Open grates in sidewalks, landings, and thresholds can easily grab the slender heel of a shoe. These grates need to be appropriately covered or eliminated. If mats are to be used on landings or thresholds, they should be designed for outdoor use and have non-slip backing. Do not use carpet remnants.

Parking Lots
Parking lots displaying potholes should have the holes filled immediately. Larger holes in asphalt or concrete may need to be barricaded or cordoned off with approved traffic control devices until they can be repaired. Devices should meet the specifications of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways (MUTCD).

If the parking lanes are reduced, consider installing ONE WAY signs or marking. Separate entrances and exits to parking lots are preferable.

Examine all curb stops. No rebar or steel should extend up beyond the surface of the stop. Paint curb stops a color in contrast with the color of the driving surface. Parking lots need to be well illuminated.

Fire Escapes
Fire escapes should not be considered as part of the normal means of egress in a building. With older buildings, this may not be possible without remodeling and/or retrofitting. Fire escapes should be easily accessible from the interior of the building(s). Labeled fire doors are the preferred means of access to the escape. Windows are discouraged as a means of access however, they may be allowed with certain restrictions. The stairs of a fire escape should display hand and guardrails on both sides of the stairs. Handrail height is 42 inches from the walking surface. Fire escape stairs and runs should not travel over another horizontal part (such as a roof) of the building unless special conditions have been met. The State Fire Marshall's office personnel (or your local fire inspector) can provide some assistance for your unique situation.

Fire escapes must terminate at ground level, however, swinging or counter-balanced stairs may be allowed in certain situations. Restrict ground access to travel up a fire escape. This will prevent unauthorized people from gaining access to upper portions (especially roofs) of your buildings. Signs prohibiting such access need to be in place at the ground level exit of the fire escape.

Fences
Eliminate all single cable type fences. Fences need to be in good repair and not display any holes, broken boards, loose wires or cables, protrusions, or sharp edges. Eliminate or retrofit any part of the fence that can be used as a hand or foothold to climb the fence. Barbed wire on the top of fences is occasionally installed on brackets that extend to the outside of the fence. These brackets can present a hazard if they protrude into the walkway. Do not run electrical cords through metal fences as even a small break in the cord can electrify the entire fence.

Miscellaneous
• Secure liquefied propane and other gas cylinders to prevent them from tipping. They should also have covers in place that are kept secured. Tanks located on parking lots are susceptible to contact from vehicles. Consider installing barrier posts or other protection devices.

•Trash dumpsters should display covers and signs prohibiting play. These receptacles need to be on a level surface. You may want to consider blocking the wheels.

•Lock covers to coal storage bins and augers.

Doors, Entries, and Exits
When a building is occupied, both sides of double doors should be kept unlocked. Doors that have been identified as part of an exit must display panic hardware and open easily. Locking devices (chains, padlocks, bars, etc.) are to be removed when the building is occupied. Doors identified as exit doors should open in an outward direction. Full length regular glass in all doors that lead directly to the exterior should be replaced with wired glass or Plexiglas. Tempered glass is a secondary choice. Doors that display full length glass should also have a rigid bar(s) in place, approximately 42 inches from the floor to minimize the risk of injury should someone fall against the door. Some types of panic hardware would take the place of the bar(s). If the landing or threshold inside or outside the doors is short or irregular in size, consider installing a warning sign(s) on the doors. You may also paint or stripe the leading edge of the threshold to help draw attention to the threshold.

Entries should be free of obstructions, custodial supplies, and equipment. Entries need to be well illuminated. Fuel-fired equipment such as lawnmowers and snow blowers must not be kept in entries. Entry (floor) mats should have a non-slip backing. Eliminate or cover open grates. Display signs at exits designating them as such.

Hallways, Steps, Handrails, and Guardrails
Hallways must be free of obstructions. Wall mounted coat racks should have a shelf in place over the top or be mounted so that the hooks are parallel to the wall. Do not place combustible materials such as coats in hallways unless the hallways are sprinklered. Lockers, display cases, and vending machines must not compromise exit access dimensions. Secure these to prevent them from tipping. Trophy and display cases with glass fronts should have a rigid bar attached to the front of the cabinet. Install the bar approximately 42 inches from the floor to minimize the risk of injury if someone falls against the case.

EXIT (or EXIT with an arrow) lights must be present and turned on when the building is occupied. In the event of a power failure, EXIT signs and emergency lights should be able to be illuminated from a secondary source of power. The secondary source of power would consist of either backup batteries or a generator. Interior hallways, corridors, stairwells, and assembly areas should have these lights in place. Emergency lighting units will illuminate these areas so that facility users can easily find their way out of the building in times of emergency. If the backup power source automatically comes on in the event of a power failure, emergency lighting units in these areas are not necessary.

Stairways should be well illuminated and display handrails as described earlier in this guide, under the Premises section, Exterior, Railings. If all steps in a stairway are of the same color, identify the leading edge of each step with high visibility paint or non-slip tape.

Electrical
Standard electrical outlets located near water should be replaced with ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) type outlets to comply with National Electrical Code. Keep extension cords in good condition and use them only for temporary purposes. All outlets should be tested to be sure that they are wired correctly. Inexpensive testing devices are available at most hardware stores and can be used to test most outlets. Grounding prongs on electrical plugs should be intact. All individual circuits in breaker boxes must be labeled. Electrical panels and circuit breaker boxes must have unobstructed access: materials must not be stored within 36 inches in front of the panels. Light fixtures should be enclosed with globes or shields.

Fire and Emergency
Fire and disaster drills and training should be conducted on a routine basis. Emergency exit routes and emergency assembly areas should be posted in each room and in hallways. Post telephone numbers of emergency service agencies by each telephone. Fire alarm pull stations and extinguishers need to be conspicuous and unobstructed. Use Class ABC extinguishers throughout facilities except in specialized areas. Extinguishers need to be serviced annually by a qualified person or firm. Building personnel need to inspect fire extinguishers on a monthly basis. Document these inspections on the tag accompanying each extinguisher. Staff should receive routine training in fire extinguisher usage.

Maintenance, Boiler, and Furnace Rooms
Labeled fire doors and frames should be present for all boiler and furnace rooms. Fire doors must be kept closed or held open by appropriate automatic devices. Do not keep flammable materials in boiler and furnace rooms. Exits and stairways should not be used for storage purposes. Fuel-fired equipment (lawnmowers, snowblowers, etc.) must not be stored in boiler and furnace rooms. Keep maintenance rooms locked when unoccupied. Flammable materials should be stored in appropriate flammables cabinets. Electrical outlets near water should be ground fault protected. Clothes dryers should be vented to the exterior of the building.

Portable ladders should be in good condition and display all manufacturer's warning labels. Wooden and fiberglass ladders should not be painted as the paint can cover cracks which would jeopardize the integrity of the ladder. When working around or with electricity, use portable ladders made of a non-electrical conducting material. If using a metal portable ladder, take steps to prevent the ladder from accidentally becoming energized.

Vehicle and Equipment Maintenance
Whether you have full time mechanics or operators performing maintenance, keeping your fleet and equipment in top condition is important. Not only will it decrease the chances of an accident or loss, it will also add hours and years to the life of your vehicles and equipment.

All vehicles and equipment should receive a safety inspection prior to use. This will insure that all appropriate safety features are in place and are operational. Documentation of pre-trip inspections needs to be kept on file. In addition to insuring that no items are missed during the inspection, documentation provides proof that the inspections are being performed. This is a legal asset should litigation occur from a loss involving equipment or vehicles. It also provides proof of inspections to manufacturers or vendors whose parts may have failed. These inspections may be required for warranties to be honored.

Keep documentation of all maintenance or service work performed and deficiencies corrected on file. Documentation must include who performed the work and when it was completed.

Vehicle and Equipment Waste Fluids
Federal and state regulations prohibit dumping of waste oil, antifreeze, and hydraulic fluids on the ground. They need to be recycled when possible. The State Department of Health, Division of Waste Management, can supply a list of recyclers in your area. These fluids are considered pollutants if disposed of improperly. The NDIRF does not provide coverage for pollution.

Occasionally, entities will give their waste oil to private individuals for use in waste oil burners. This practice is discouraged unless the individuals sign an appropriate liability release. For further information on liability release, please refer to the Insurance and Risk Transfer section of this manual.

Traffic Signs and Control Devices
The placement and condition of traffic signs and control devices almost invariably comes into play when a vehicular accident occurs. A comprehensive traffic sign and control device program is highly recommended to reduce hazards.

A master record should be in place showing the location and condition of all entity-owned and serviced traffic control devices. This would also include any contracted work for other entities. A log needs to be maintained for repair requests, complaints regarding devices, and vandalized devices. The log should include the name of the person making the request, date and time of the request, when repairs were initiated and completed, and who performed the work. Computer software is available for managing traffic control device programs.

All traffic control devices should be inspected at least 2 times a year. Inspections also need to be conducted at night to insure that traffic control devices are maintaining appropriate reflectivity. A sample traffic signing log form to be used to document these inspections is included in the Samples section of this guide. All traffic control devices must conform to the MUTCD. This manual has been adopted by the State as the standard for traffic signs and other traffic control devices in North Dakota. When conducting maintenance and repair activities on public roadways, be sure to follow the standards of Chapter Six of the MUTCD.

Fueling Islands and Fuel Storage Tanks
Fueling islands and fuel storage tanks above the ground should be protected against impact from vehicles and equipment. One of the most common ways to protect tanks and islands is to install steel pipes at the corners of the tanks or islands and fill the pipes with concrete. Hoses should have retracting devices in place to keep them from being run over by vehicles and equipment. These will also help to prevent hoses from being snagged by vehicle bumpers. Signs such as NO SMOKING and TURN ENGINE OFF need to be in place.

Fuel storage tanks located above ground must be surrounded by a containment system constructed of concrete. Underground fuel storage tanks should have been registered with the State by this time. Specific State and Federal regulations apply to petroleum tanks. The State Department of Health, Division of Waste Management, can assist if you have questions in this area.

Sewer and Water Facilities
Entry to sewer and water plants needs to be denied to the general public unless a receptionist is located at the entrance. Occasionally, groups of children will tour these facilities. Extra precautions must be taken to insure their safety as most of these facilities were not designed for general public use. Lock all rooms during tours. You may want to review the Premises section of this manual on guardrails and walking surfaces.

Sewage lagoons and cells must be fenced and signed, for example, SEWAGE LAGOON NO TRESPASSING.

Water Towers and Tanks
Water towers and tanks are attractive nuisances which often entice people to try to climb the ladders of these structures. Deny the general public access to these ladders. Cover the legs of water towers with plywood or sheet metal on all sides to prevent the public from climbing them. An additional measure to prevent unauthorized access has been to install fencing around the entire water tower or tank.

Pump Houses and Lift Stations
These facilities must be kept locked at all times. Deny the general public access to all exterior electrical components. Lift station and pumphouse components need to be periodically inspected and serviced. Follow the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations for your particular pieces of equipment. All inspection and maintenance activities should be thoroughly documented and kept on file. A light or preferably an alarm should be in place to alert maintenance personnel if there is an equipment failure.

Sewer Line Maintenance, Repairs, and Backups
Sewer lines need to receive routine preventive maintenance. This may be accomplished through flushing, jetting, root cutting, or chemicals. Document these activities and keep the documentation on file. All repairs and notifications of backups should be documented. Warning!!! Entry into manhole areas can be deadly. Be sure to follow confined space entry regulations. For information on this topic, contact the Workers' Compensation Bureau, or the regional OSHA offices.

Landfills and Municipal Waste Facilities
There are essentially 2 types of facilities that accept refuse or garbage: municipal waste facilities and inert landfills. By now, your facility should have been designated as one or the other by the State Department of Health, Division of Waste Management. The types of refuse that can be deposited at either of these sites is limited.

Refuse disposal sites must display signs at the entrance(s) that dictate what may or may not be accepted. The State has made arrangements with Roughrider Industries to produce these signs for purchase by your entity. They may also be purchased from other sign vendors. The entire facility should be fenced and the gate kept locked. The facility should have an attendant present to monitor materials being dumped. Do not give gate keys to the public.

Inert landfills frequently perform burning operations to reduce the amount of trees and grass. These operations can only be performed by obtaining a burn permit from the State Department of Health, Division of Waste Management. All burning operations need to have attendants present at all times. Fire trucks should be on site for all burning operations.

Streets, Roads, and Highways
Public roadways, their condition, and maintenance are constant subjects of complaint from the public. Unfortunately, they are also the source of accidents and losses.

When performing emergency repair and maintenance operations, an entity must follow the traffic control requirements of the MUTCD. Chapter 6 of the MUTCD will cover most situations. These requirements not only help to protect the public traveling through work zones, they also help to protect an entity's workers in those work zones.

A system should be in place to document and track all complaints. Quite often, employees will receive complaints from the public while on a work site. It is important that these complaints be handled with courtesy and professionalism. Take all complaints seriously but do not make promises to the public.

All features added to a roadway should be identified. Some features to identify with signs include dips, speed bumps, and rumble strips.

Consideration should be given to phasing out certain types of storm sewer grates. Many of these grates have openings that run parallel to the roadway. Bicyclists have been known to get their tires caught in these grates while traveling the roadway. As a temporary measure, paint these types of grates with high visibility paint until they can be modified or replaced.

Road blading operations can also cause losses due to the windrows in the middle of the roadway. Although not required, signs, such as, ROAD WORK AHEAD or ROAD WORK NEXT # MILES, at each end of the roadway can reduce the number of losses related to these operations. Be sure to remove rocks from the windrows as soon as they are noticed. Do not have windrows at intersections or leave windrows in the road overnight. All minimum maintenance roads must be identified with signs. There are specific State statutes to heed regarding minimum maintenance roads.

Facilities
The Life Safety Code requires that all correctional facilities have a written evacuation plan in place. Personnel must be trained and familiar with this plan. This plan should be geared toward the transfer of occupants to areas of refuge within the building or evacuation of the building, and the isolation of the fire. If evacuation is necessary, consider security provisions of the highest degree necessary to maintain the safety of the public and of building occupants.

Policy Manual
A policy manual should be in place and utilized by all of the law enforcement officers. Information regarding the content of this manual and sample policies may be obtained from the State POST Board. An annual review of the contents in the manual will help to keep it current. This could also be a time to add new policies and change existing policies, if necessary.

Cooperative and mutual aid agreements with other city and/or rural departments should be in written form. Liability issues such as losses or damage to equipment and vehicles should be included in these agreements.

Vehicles
Each vehicle should have a logbook. This logbook would have all of the maintenance activities recorded for that vehicle. This would include any regular scheduled maintenance, as well as repairs, which are performed on the vehicle. Another item to include in the logbook would be any deficiencies reported to the maintenance department by the operator. The date and vehicle mileage should be recorded for each item entered in the logbook.

Perform scheduled maintenance on the vehicles. Maintenance records should be kept for all maintenance and repairs.

Having all drivers attend a 4-hour Defensive Driving Course is an excellent means of reducing the number of accidents within the department. There is also a 6-hour Defensive Driving Course designed specifically for law enforcement.

Facilities
All buildings must comply with the Life Safety Code regarding entrances and exits. The fire hall should be equipped with emergency lighting (see Interior section). This would assist fire fighters in times of emergency if there is a power failure.

Lock the fire hall when it is unattended. This prohibits unauthorized personnel from gaining access to the fire trucks and equipment. Consider installing push button combination locks for exterior doors instead of providing keys to volunteers.

Policy Manual
A policy manual should be in place and utilized by all of the firefighters. An annual review of the contents in the manual will help to keep it current. This could also be a time to add new policies and change existing policies, if necessary.

Establish a written policy to identify the fire department's position on liability regarding volunteer firefighters. Prior to implementing this policy, contact the State Workers' Compensation Bureau for their input on the fire department's definition of on duty. Their position should be reflected in the policy manual. For example, if a volunteer firefighter's beeper goes off at 3:00 a.m., and the person falls in his/her own home while responding, does Workers' Compensation agree with the fire department that the firefighter was on duty when injured? If not, it is best to clarify the coverage interpretation with Workers' Compensation prior to such an injury.

Establish an emergency driving rules and regulations policy. Include in the policy the liability related ramifications involved when responding to a fire, including accidents involving the firefighter's personal vehicle.

Volunteers need to be trained in Blue Light Rules and Regulations for Class C Emergency Vehicles. Information on this program is available through your county's Emergency Management office. Document all training and keep the documentation on file. The utilization of the blue flashing lights on vehicles requires the volunteer to receive orientation training which includes:

• a review of the State laws covering the operation of emergency response vehicles (see North Dakota Century Code 39-10-03.1 through 39-10-4).
• a review of defensive driving procedures.
• a review of blue light rules and regulations contained in that document.
• a review of an operator's responsibility and liability for safe and correct operation of the authorized Class C emergency vehicle.

Cooperative and mutual aid agreements with other city and/or rural departments should be in written form. Liability issues such as losses or damage to equipment and vehicles should be included in these agreements.

Vehicles
A logbook should be kept for each vehicle in the Fire Department. The logbook would have all of the maintenance activities recorded for that vehicle. This would include all of the regular scheduled maintenance and repairs performed on the vehicle. A good logbook also contains the date and vehicle mileage when work was performed and the name of the person doing the work.

All vehicle operators may want to attend a Defensive Driving Course. There is a Defensive Driving Course available which is designed specifically for Fire Departments. This is an excellent means of making drivers aware of the types of hazards they may face while operating a fire truck.

Perform scheduled maintenance on the vehicles. Records should be kept for all maintenance and repairs.

Facilities
The ambulance building must comply with the Life Safety Code regarding entrances and exits. Equip the building with emergency lighting to assist ambulance personnel in times of emergency, if there is a power failure.

Lock ambulance buildings when unattended. This prohibits unauthorized personnel from gaining access to the ambulance and equipment. Consider installing push button combination locks for exterior doors instead of providing keys to volunteers.

Policy Manual
A policy manual should be in place and utilized by all of the volunteer workers. An annual review of the contents in the manual will help to keep it current. This could also be a time to add new policies and change existing policies, if necessary.

Establish a written policy to identify the ambulance service's position on liability regarding volunteer workers. Prior to implementing this policy, contact the State Workers' Compensation Bureau for their input on the ambulance service's definition of on duty. Their position should be reflected in the policy manual. For example, if a volunteer worker's beeper goes off at 3:00 a.m., and the person falls in his/her own home while responding, does Workers' Compensation agree with the ambulance service that the volunteer worker was on duty when injured? If not, it is best to clarify the coverage interpretation with Workers' Compensation prior to such an injury.

Establish an emergency driving rules and regulations policy. Include in the policy the liability related ramifications involved when responding to a call, including accidents involving the volunteer worker's personal vehicle.

Volunteers need to be trained in Blue Light Rules and Regulations for Class C Emergency Vehicles. Document all training and keep it on file. Information on this program is available through your county's Emergency Management office. The utilization of the blue flashing lights on vehicles requires the volunteer to receive orientation training which includes:

• a review of the State laws covering the operation of emergency response vehicles (see North Dakota Century Code 39-10-03.1 through 39-10-4).
• a review of defensive driving procedures.
• a review of blue light rules and regulations contained in that document.
• a review of an operator's responsibility and liability for safe and correct operation of the authorized Class C emergency vehicle.

Cooperative and mutual aid agreements with other city and/or rural departments should be in written form. Liability issues such as losses or damage to equipment and vehicles should be included in these agreements.

Vehicles
It is important that the ambulance be easily and unmistakably recognizable as an ambulance. The word AMBULANCE should be printed in mirror image on the front of the vehicle for easy identification by drivers ahead looking in their rearview mirror. Ambulances must be equipped with rotating or alternating flashing lights, and audible warning signals that can be activated to alert others of the emergency vehicle.

Perform scheduled maintenance on the ambulance. Records should be kept for all maintenance and repairs.

Public playgrounds are found in most of the cities throughout North Dakota. Many of these playgrounds have equipment that has been in place for a number of years. Portions or all of some playgrounds do not comply with current guidelines and standards.

For your convenience, we have included current copies of these guidelines and standards. They can be found at the rear of this guide.

Handbook for Public Playground Safety
Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC)
The is an external link.

ASTM: F1487-05
Standard Consumer Safety Performance Specification for Playground Equipment for Public Use
The is an external link.

Playground equipment is designed to create a challenge for children as well as test their skills. Equipment that meets the guidelines and standards of the CPSC and/or the ASTM allows children to do this in a safe manner. This does not mean that children will not get hurt, as they commonly use the equipment in a manner for which it was not intended.

Swings
Swings are grouped into 2 basic types:

• Single-axis which swing back and forth.
• Multiple-axis which are seats suspended from a single pivot that permits the swing to travel in any direction (e.g., tire swing).

To minimize the chances of a child being struck by a moving single-axis swing, no more than two swings are to be hung in each swing bay and swings are not to be part of a composite play structure. Swing seats must be designed to accommodate only one person and not be made of wood or metal.

A multi-axis (tire) swing must not be hung from a structure having other swings in the same bay. There must be a minimum of 30 inches between the seat surface and the upright support structure when the tire is in a position closest to the structure.

Tot swings must provide support on all sides of a child and the supports must not present a strangulation hazard.

Swings that are not recommended for public playgrounds are:

• multiple occupancy swings (except tire swings).
• animal and/or theme figure swings.
• rope swings.
• swinging exercise rings.
• trapeze bars.

Slides
All free standing slides should have a top platform a minimum of 22 inches in length. The width of the platform must be at least equal to the width of the slide chute. The entrance to the slide chute must have a rail, hood, or other device to channel a user into a sitting position. All slides must also display an exit landing. Metal slides should be in the shade or face north to help prevent burns and glare from direct sunlight.

Roller slides are not recommended for public playgrounds unless frequent maintenance can be guaranteed.

Steps to any slide should not create a head entrapment area. A head entrapment area is an opening that is greater than 3.5 inches and less than 9 inches. A head entrapment area is defined in detail in the CPSC Guidelines.

Climbers
Climbers must not have climbing bars or other structural components in the interior of the structure onto which a child may fall from a height of greater than 18 inches.

Climbing equipment should also allow children to descend as easily as they ascend.

Horizontal Ladders
To prevent an entrapment hazard, the space between adjacent rungs on a horizontal ladder must be greater than 9 inches. The maximum distance from the center of one rung to the center of the next rung is 15 inches.

The first rung on the horizontal ladder must not be directly above the ladder or platform used to mount or dismount. This minimizes the risk of children impacting these areas should they fall during mount or dismount.

The maximum height of a horizontal ladder is 84 inches.

Sliding Poles
The horizontal distance between the pole and the access platform must be between 18 and 20 inches. A pole should only have access from one level.

Climbing Ropes
Vertically suspended climbing ropes should be securely anchored to a footing at the lower end to prevent the rope from being looped back, forming a noose.

Balance Beams
To reduce groin injuries during falls, balance beams must be no more than 12 inches above the ground.

Merry-Go-Rounds
The rotating platform must be continuous and approximately circular. A non-circular platform is to have no more than 2 inches difference between the minimum and maximum radius of the platform. A secure means for the child to hold on to the merry-go-round shall be provided.

The surface of the platform and the stationary center post should be totally enclosed.

Seesaws
The fulcrum of the seesaw must not present any pinch or crush hazards. Remove adjustable fulcrums and replace them with stationary types. Provide handholds with gripping for both hands at each sitting position. Seesaws must not have footrests.

Car tires, or some other shock-absorbing material, can be embedded in the ground underneath the seats of fulcrum seesaws, or secured on the underside of the seats. This provides a cushion for the child to land, should the child on the other end of the seesaw jump off the seesaw.

Spring Rockers
The seat should be designed to minimize the likelihood of the rocker being used by more than the intended number of users. Equip each sitting position with hand grips and footrests.

Trampolines
Trampolines are not recommended for use on public playgrounds.

Culverts
Concrete culverts are not to be used on public playgrounds as they have a tendency to chip on the ends. The wire mesh inside is sharp and gets rusty, creating a severe hazard to children.

Homemade Equipment
Homemade equipment is not to be used for public playgrounds because it will probably not meet the CPSC guidelines. The entity which owns the equipment could be responsible for product liability should an accident occur due to the design or construction of the equipment.

Complexes
There are many different manufacturers of playground complex equipment. Play complexes frequently have numerous violations of the CPSC and/or the ASTM guidelines. All play complexes in your parks need to be carefully checked and compared to these guidelines and changes made as needed. When purchasing new equipment, be certain the equipment being purchased also meets all of these guidelines. This compliance should be obtained in writing from the equipment manufacturer.

Surfacing Material
Appropriate surfacing material needs to be in place under and around all equipment on a playground. The CPSC guidelines have a listing of different types of materials and their critical height. (Refer to pages 20-23, Sections 10 and 11 of the CPSC guidelines). Surfacing material should also be in the area around the equipment known as the use zone. This area is determined by the height and type of movement of each piece of equipment. The CPSC guidelines explain how to determine the use zone.

Americans With Disabilities Act
The Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA), PL.101-336, was passed in 1990. It went into effect January 26, 1992. The purpose of the ADA is to end discrimination against individuals with disabilities, and to welcome them into all walks of life so they may enjoy the same privileges as other citizens. Although many people tend to think of the ADA as focusing on physical accessibility, it also mandates accessibility to programs.

Physical accessibility has become a common concern among public entities since the passage of the ADA. This legislation has caused an increased awareness of the need to serve all community members, including those with disabilities, with access to all public buildings, parks and recreation facilities, and programs.

Accessibility of programs may mean that assistance is offered so that an individual receives the services of the program.

Physical accessibility means facilities and areas are barrier-free and people with disabilities can approach, enter, and use them unimpeded. To accomplish this, the following four areas must be addressed.

Approach: People with disabilities should be able to approach a facility without encountering obstacles. This would include having curb cuts near the facility or ramps which allow for accessible routes of travel. Accessible parking spaces that are clearly marked and well designed are also necessary.

Enter: Once the person reaches the facility the entrance must be accessible. Doors that are lightweight and pull open easily, or have a bell that rings for assistance are examples of accessible entrances. Doors must be wide and lightweight enough, and thresholds low enough to allow entrance.

Use: Once inside a facility, a person with a disability must be able to use the facility. Areas such as restrooms, concession areas, playgrounds, or recreation areas, or any other services provided in the facility must not only be accessible but also must be usable.

Conveniences: These are accommodations provided beyond the required approach, enter, and use portions of a facility. An example of a convenience would be an automatic door opener on a door that is already lightweight and has a lever handle.

These suggestions should not be considered all-inclusive. For additional information, refer to the book, Inclusion: Strategies for Including People with Disabilities in Parks and Recreation Opportunities (see the Recommended Resources section of this manual).

Beaches
Signs must be in place to indicate if lifeguards are on duty, beach hours, and rules. Swimming areas need to be designated by a buoy system. No diving platforms or boards should be used in areas where water levels are subject to change. Locate life saving equipment in prominent locations. Prohibit the use of homemade devices, such as rope swings.

Boating Areas
Locate boat docks and ramps away from swimming areas. Post signs such as NO DIVING OR SWIMMING. Docks need to be in good repair and have no protrusions or sharp edges. Boating must be prohibited near swimming areas.

Swimming Pools
Public pools should have an enforced maximum user load. Factors such as pool depth, size of pool, types of use, and number of lifeguards must all be taken into consideration when determining the maximum user load. Refer to The Complete Swimming Pool Reference Book for additional information. The address for obtaining this book is found in the Recommended Resources section of this guide.

The pool decking should be non-slip, sloped, and have adequate drains to eliminate the pooling of water on the deck surface. NO DIVING signs should be on all decks where the water is less than 9 feet deep.

Depth markers are to clearly identify the water depth. These markings appear on the vertical pool wall just above the water line, and horizontally on the pool deck, no more than 18 inches from the water. These markings should be no more than 25 feet apart or wherever there is a 2 foot change in water depth. Warning lines on the bottom of the pool indicate whenever a significant change in depth occurs.

All lifeguard equipment should be maintained in good condition and be readily accessible at all times.

Outdoor pools need to have a fence a minimum of 8 feet high around the perimeter. The fence is to be designed to deter unauthorized entrance. This design would mean no horizontal pipes or other framework that would serve as hand or foot holds to assist in climbing.

Guardrails on diving boards should be located on both sides of the board and be of a length that extends at least to the edge of the pool. The guardrails are to be of a height that complies with the Life Safety Code, which is a minimum of 42 inches to the top of the rail with at least one midrail.

Chlorine storage rooms must be appropriately vented. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) must be kept up to date, easily accessible, and employees need to be trained in their use.

A list of rules and recommendations should be displayed at the entrance and in prominent locations within the pool area.

The Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA), which went into effect January 26, 1992, prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in public places, including swimming pools. This law may require modifications to pools to include handrails, ramps, chair lifts, and assistants who can help the disabled. Every pool operator must be familiar with the ADA.

Water Slides
Slide surfaces should be smooth to eliminate exposure to skin abrasions. Depth markers need to clearly identify the water depth. These markings must appear on the vertical pool wall just above the water line and horizontally on the pool deck, no more than 18 inches from the water. These markings should be no more than 25 feet apart or wherever there is a 2 foot change in water depth. All deck and step surfaces should be non-slip. All steps and guardrails are to comply with Life Safety Code for height and spacing. An adequate number of employees must always be on duty to monitor all areas of the slides and pools.

Saunas
Instructions for using the sauna should be posted in an area visible to all users. Each sauna manufacturer has specific instructions for proper use of their equipment. Some of the things that should be included in the instructions are:

• Remove all clothing and jewelry.
• Wear a towel loosely.
• Limit time in sauna to 10 minutes at a time; 30 minute maximum.
• No smoking in sauna.
• No exercising in sauna.
• Persons with health concerns should consult their physician before using the sauna.

This is not intended to be an all-inclusive list of items to consider. Always follow the manufacturer's instructions.

Whirlpools
Instructions for using the whirlpool should be displayed in a prominent location near the whirlpool. Each whirlpool manufacturer should have specific instructions for proper use of their equipment. Some of the items that may be included in the instructions are:

• Minimum age requirements.
• Maximum number of users = 3 feet of perimeter seating space per user is recommended.
• Persons with health concerns should consult their physician before using the whirlpool.
• Appropriate swimming attire must be worn.
• Persons with open or infected blisters, cuts, etc., should not use the whirlpool.
• Do not use whirlpool alone.
• Do not use whirlpool while under the influence of alcohol or drugs.
• Observe a reasonable amount of time, e.g., 10 minutes, to stay in the whirlpool.

This is not necessarily an all inclusive list of rules, however, these are some of the items that should be considered.

Ballfields
All fences and backstops need to be in good repair so that there are no holes or spaces through which a ball could pass. There should be no single cable fences in place. All bleachers or grandstands need to be in good repair, to include guardrails that provide adequate protection for all users. The dugouts should be kept clean, well maintained, and be located behind the sideline fences to protect players on the bench. The playing surface should be free of rocks, holes, and any foreign objects.

Hockey and Ice Skating Rinks
Ice should be kept clean, smooth, and maintained. Boards should be free of holes, protrusions, and loose boards. Hours of operation and rules should be posted. Warming house attendants need to be on duty to supervise skaters and enforce rules. A telephone should be available with emergency numbers posted nearby.

Golf Courses
All grounds and paths should be kept free of holes, protrusions, or other trip hazards. A policy should be in place for the rental of golf carts. Items to address in the policy would be a minimum age limit, and a hold harmless agreement to be signed by the renter.

A policy must be in place for the documenting of maintenance activities such as chemical application. Documentation needs to include chemicals applied, area being treated, wind speed and direction, and name of person doing the application.

Application of chemicals must be done by or under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. An alternative to this would be to contract with a commercial applicator to complete this work. Be sure to obtain certificates of insurance and utilize hold harmless agreements for any contracted operations. You may want to review the Insurance and Risk Transfer section of this manual for assistance in these areas.

Recreational Bridges
Bridges should be level at both ends to avoid creating trip hazards. All guardrails should comply with the standard for guardrails (i.e., 42 inches minimum height, and a 4 inch sphere not able to pass through any portion of the guardrail). The surface should be non-slip and warning signs posted if appropriate, for example, SLIPPERY WHEN WET.

BMX Tracks
BMX tracks, also known as bicycle motocross tracks, should be in a fenced, controlled access area. Hours of operation and safety rules are to be posted in prominent locations. Maintenance and inspection activities should be documented and kept on file. A telephone and emergency phone numbers should be available for the track attendant.

Skate Board and In-Line Skating Parks
Skateboarding and in-line skating have grown in popularity over the last few years. Along with this growth has come the development of skateboard and in-line skating parks, and their inherent hazards.

Safety rules should be posted at the entrance and in prominent locations and employees need to be trained in what the rules are and how to effectively enforce them. Areas should be posted for maximum number of users allowed at any one given time. All users should be advised to wear appropriate protective equipment:

• helmets.
• knee and elbow pads.
• gloves.
• wrist guards.
• proper shoes.

Runs or paths need to be kept free of cracks, ridges, gaps, or foreign objects which create trip hazards. Areas used at night should be illuminated. Walkways need to provide easy and safe access to and egress from the skating area without interfering with park users.
Spectator areas should be located at sufficient distances to avoid interference with skateboarders, and to protect spectators from flying skateboards.

All runs, paths, and surfaces should be inspected on a regular basis. All inspections should be documented and kept on file.

Zoos
Zoos have the potential for large numbers of visitors on the premises. The main general liability concern in a zoo is slips and falls due to poor physical layout, poor housekeeping, or inadequate maintenance. Other hazards include:

• ponds and pools.
• mobile equipment transporting visitors through the park.
• animals causing harm to visitors.

All ponds and pools should be blocked by a fence or other means to prevent the public from having access to them.

If mobile equipment is used on the premises, signs should be in place to remind equipment operators of speed limits and other operating rules. Warning signs should also be in place to warn pedestrians to be alert for equipment on walkways.

Cages, screens, and perimeter fences should be maintained to prevent animals from injuring visitors. All walkways and viewing areas must be an adequate distance away from the animal enclosures to prevent visitors from coming in contact with animals, which could cause injury.

Trails or Paths
Documented inspections should be made on a regular basis. These inspections are to identify any repairs or maintenance which need to be done. Recording dates and times of the actual repair is also very important. Some of the maintenance items that need attention on a regular basis are listed below.

• Sweeping is one of the most important aspects of trail maintenance. Some trails may require sweeping of the entire trail while others may only need specific areas swept. Sweeping should be done on a regular schedule unless weather conditions create a need for additional cleaning.
• Trash Removal should be done on a regular basis. Trash removal includes emptying trash containers as well as picking up ground trash which creates hazards for trail users.
• Tree and Shrub Pruning must be done for the safety of all trail users. Pruning should be done to established specifications, and on a scheduled basis. A multi-use trail should be trimmed to a minimum of 10 feet in height. The width should be trimmed at least 3 feet beyond the edge of the trail, wherever possible. Wherever possible, an area 4 to 6 feet wide should be kept mowed on each side of the trail. This would allow a trail user to safely move off the trail in an emergency situation.
• Signing is done for safety and information purposes. Safety signs, such as STOP and YIELD signs, should have priority over informational signs. Informational signs, like those that identify historic sites or landmarks, can be used to enhance the trail user's experience. Signs should be predominantly placed on the right hand side of the trail. The signs should be attached to posts placed 2 to 3 feet off the treadway, and 3 to 4 feet above the expected snow depth.
• Fixtures such as benches, drinking water, toilets, and telephones should be located at proper intervals along the trails. Locations for these fixtures will be determined by the type of trail, amount of use, and terrain through which the trail runs.

Tennis Courts
The playing surface of the tennis courts must be kept free of debris and obstructions. Surfaces must be kept free of cracks or raised areas. Damaged areas should be repaired as soon as possible. If the cracks or raised areas are significant, the court should be closed until appropriate repairs have been made.

The tennis nets should always be kept in good repair. The top cable on the net needs to be checked to be sure there are no frayed ends exposed. The cable tightener for the net must also be maintained and in good repair.

Perimeter fences should be in good repair. Any holes or cut areas should be repaired as soon as possible.

Electrical
Lighting for ballfields, tennis courts, or any other outdoor facilities must be designed for outdoor use. All electrical junction boxes and breaker boxes should be locked to prohibit access by unauthorized personnel. Light poles or towers should be designed so they are able to be climbed only with the use of special equipment.

All electrical outlets are to be designed for outdoor use. This includes ground fault protection and weather proof covers.

Extension cords must be in good condition and used only for temporary purposes. All electrical cords, including extension cords, must have the grounding prong in place and only be plugged into an outlet that is ground fault protected.

Archery Ranges
Safety rules and regulations, and hours of operation should be posted at the entrance to the range. The National Field Archery Association should be contacted to obtain standards for archery ranges.

Rifle and/or Pistol Ranges
Safety rules and regulations, and hours of operation should be posted at the entrance to the range. The National Rifle Association should be contacted to obtain standards for rifle and/or pistol ranges.

Roller Skating
Buildings in which roller skating takes place should be carefully checked to be sure that all hazards within the skating area are properly addressed to minimize the risk to skaters. Some of the items which may need to be addressed are:

• Pad or eliminate any wall protrusions.
• Pad any support posts within the skating floor.
• Be certain all floors are smooth with no cracks.
• No spectator chairs along the edge of the floor.
• All Exit signs are illuminated.
• Paths of egress are unobstructed.
• Emergency lighting is in place and operational.
• Lighting for public skating is adequate.
• All rental equipment is properly maintained.

When the skating activities are run by the entity, be certain that there is an adequate number of employees to monitor the number of skaters on the floor. Separate skating times for younger and older children should be scheduled. Be certain that a telephone and emergency numbers are available to attendants.

If the roller skating activities are operated by an outside organization or individual, you should obtain a certificate of insurance from them to guarantee that they are insured. Your entity should also be included as an additional insured on their policy. Please refer to the Insurance and Risk Transfer section of this manual for assistance and information on certificates of insurance and hold harmless agreements.

Weight Lifting